A Victorious Heart essays

A Victorious Heart essays All people will have to make at least one important moral decision in their life and it is up to them whether they go with the practical decision or rely on their heart. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, Huck has to make a decision that, throughout his journey down the river, will tear his conscience apart. He is faced with the dilemma of choosing whether or not to turn in Jim, a runaway slave whom he knew prior to this trip, or helping him to his freedom. As their adventure down the river progresses, Huck and Jim develop a friendship that makes Hucks decision of whether or not to turn him in more difficult. Huck finds himself traveling down a river with a man whom he has never truly gotten to know, but has respected him nonetheless. After Jim has Huck promise not to tell anyone, he then tells his story of how he ran away, which then surfaces the doubt that maybe Huck would tell someone because he now knows the whole story. Huck responds to this doubt, I said I wouldnt [tell], and Ill stick to it. Honest injun, I will. People would call me a low-down abolitionist and despise me (Twain 51). When Huck swears to keep his honesty he says it because he respects Jim, this trust is in no way out of friendship. He is more worried about being brought down in the society he lives in, more than helping Jim out. At this point his conscience has already started to be bothered and he has no idea what to do, but for right now he decides to just go with the flow of the river and hope things work out. He does not truly care for Jim as a friend, but he does not want to get caught because the tr uth about his fake death will then be revealed. At this point though, he does not look up to Jim and the only thing they have in common is the desire of freedom. As the beauty of nature on this trip down the river increasingly becomes stronger and more beautiful, so does Huck...

Difference Between Density and Specific Gravity

Difference Between Density and Specific Gravity Both density and specific gravity describe mass and may be used to compare different substances. They are not, however, identical measures. Specific gravity is an expression of density in relation to the density of a standard or reference (usually water). Also, density is expressed in units (weight relative to size) while specific gravity is a pure number or dimensionless. What Is Density? Density is a property of matter and can be defined as the ratio of mass to a unit volume of matter.   Its typically expressed in units of grams per cubic centimeter, kilograms per cubic meter, or pounds per cubic inch.Density is expressed by the formula:Ï  m/V whereÏ  is the densitym is the massV is the volume What Is Specific Gravity? Specific gravity is a measure of density relative to the density of a reference substance. The reference material could be anything, but the most common reference is pure water. If a material has a specific gravity less than 1, it will float on water. Specific gravity is often abbreviated as sp gr. Specific gravity is also called relative density and is expressed by the formula:Specific Gravitysubstance Ï substance/Ï referenceWhy would someone want to compare the density of a substance to the density of water? Lets look at one example. Saltwater aquarium enthusiasts measure the amount of salt in their water by specific gravity where their reference material is fresh water. Salt water is less dense than pure water but by how much? The number generated by a calculation of specific gravity provides the answer. Converting Between Density and Specific Gravity Specific gravity values arent very useful except for predicting whether or not something will float on water and for comparing whether one material is more or less dense than another. However, because the density of pure water is so close to 1 (0.9976 grams per cubic centimeter), specific gravity and density are nearly the same value so long as the density is given in g/cc. Density is very slightly less than specific gravity.

Information Systems Project Management Term Paper

Information Systems Project Management - Term Paper Example The benefits of project management are only achievable through effective project management. This is only obtained through a project manager with the following characteristics: performance, knowledge and personal ego. Through these qualities of an effective project manager, project management will deliver counter fold benefits. The manager, client, production team will derive satisfaction from the project. The benefits are but not limited to;†¢ Enhanced delivery of services: Similar strategies used to complete a project are used for other projects. The organization has the opportunity to look at situations.†¢ Positive Team development: The team that successfully manages a project command respect and motivation. Teamwork developed assists in the process of goal setting and as result lead to increased production and customer satisfaction. Smaller goals developed become stepping stones towards fulfillment of the larger goal. This results to the growth of organizational structu re.†¢ Be competitive: A successful project management team gets equal opportunities for other projects.†¢ Flexibility: Project management creates room for mapping out a strategy. Through this option, a manager is in a position to implement a viable strategy for the project. It also offers many ways of solving problems, a process instrumental in mitigating risks. Availability of many formulas and mathematical methods assist teams in deriving at solutions. As a result, the organization team saves time, resources and energy.... Teamwork developed assists in the process of goal setting and as result lead to increased production and customer satisfaction. Smaller goals developed become stepping stones towards fulfillment of the larger goal. This results to the growth of organizational structure. Be competitive: A successful project management team gets equal opportunities for other projects. Flexibility: Project management creates room for mapping out a strategy. Through this option, a manager is in a position to implement a viable strategy for the project. It also offers many ways of solving problems, a process instrumental in mitigating risks. Availability of many formulas and mathematical methods assist teams in deriving at solutions. As a result, the organization team saves time, resources and energy. Risk assessment: Project management ensures that resources are well mobilized as the strategy outlines potential risks and the possible ways of mitigation. Forecasting is simplified so that problems are cons idered before they develop. The problem solving process identifies the problems, weighs viable options, and seeks for viable solutions. Assurance of quality: Through efficiency, quality is increased. Organizational leaders are in a position to display simple to understand and analyze information easily (Kerzner 2013). Example of Projects that would utilize benefit from a project manager and a project information system Organizations have strategic plans that initiate projects. As a result, projects are initiated by either of the following strategic goals: Market demand for a particular product like a car company initiating a project of building fuel efficient vehicles due to shortages in gasoline. Customer request resulting from the needs of a society like

Philosophy Compare Derrida and J.L. Austin's views on langauge Essay

Philosophy Compare Derrida and J.L. Austin's views on langauge - Essay Example Austin's ideas precede those of Derrida, and in many ways may be seen as the foundation that Derrida and his fellow post-structuralists seek to dismantle. The basis of Austin's ideas is that language can be divided between two broad categories. These are performative acts and performative utterances. Take the example that I have just stood on your toe. Two possible verbal reactions are possible. One, I say "I apologize for stepping on your toe". Alternatively, I might say "I am sorry for stepping on your toe". The first sentence is an example of a performative act: I have performed the 'act' of apologizing for stepping on your toe. The second sentence is not an act however - as I am just stating what I feel about stepping on your toe. I may be apologizing, but on the other hand I may not be - it may be just what I feel on the inside. This appears to be a very simple distinction, but from this basic premise, Austin moves into increasingly complex examinations of the structure of language in the form of acts/utterances. Essentially, the words that we use rely upon a whole series of other facts, realities, possibilities and assumptions in order for them to have meaning. For example, I say to you, "I am going to marry you tomorrow". In some ways this is a performative act - it is a direct statement of what I will do, as opposed to a feeling. However, the act definition depends upon a number of outside factors. It remains an act if we are both unmarried, if you the opposite gender from me, if we are both of age, if we live in a place where you can get a marriage license within 24 hours . . . . etc. But if either of us is already married, or perhaps we are already married, if we are the same gender etc. then the act becomes an utterance because there is no way of the act really occurring. From this start, Austin moves through a detailed examination of performance acts and utterances, and eventually uses his analysis to counter some of the very bases of all philosophy. One of his most important arguments is that the obsession of philosophy with whether something is "true" or "false" is in fact what he calls a "tyranny" (Austin, 1976). Because any statement depends upon the hierarchy of facts, realities, feelings that was outlined above, the idea that it can be easily categorized as "true" or false" is absurd. It all depends upon the overall environment within which the statement exists. Austin calls this "a dimension of assessment" (1976). While eventually Austin rejects the idea that all language can be divided between performative acts and utterances, the basic structure remains in place. A particular sentence is either an act or it is an utterance. This is what can be referred to as a Cartesian worldview of opposites. Derrida comes from a very different viewpoint. As the very title of his famous book suggests, he seeks to understand the world from the "margins" of philosophy. He seeks to philosophize from the point of view of what he calls both/and (Derrida, 1985). For Derrida the attempt to divide language into either/or reduces the situation through simplifying it. He finds it much more interesting if a word or sentence can be both an act and an utterance. Derrida works through a system of paradox in which the speaker, far from using words that reflect his intention, in fact has his intention determined by the words that he is using. This is the direct attack that Derrida lays against the ideas of

Profiling of black males in the unites states Essay

Profiling of black males in the unites states - Essay Example Each African American living in the United States who has travelled via public transportation such as buses, airplanes or owns a motor vehicle has been a victim of racial profiling. Unfortunately, many victims of the law enforcement officials experience this form of discrimination unknowingly. On the outside, legally, one may visualize an equal America with each person being protected by the liberties in the constitution. Individuals of all races, with several generations of American blood, have an illusion of equality from the fairy tale like image of the America. Sadly, this is not the case, and individuals of African American decent are disproportionately stopped, searched and targeted by the police purely on the basis of their race (Weatherspoon, n.p). Many times I have witnessed a black male being borderline harassed by the law enforcement officials in a way that would never happen to a white male. In addition, these harassments frequently occur with no signs of provocation from the victim. Well, one might ask who is to blame for this unequal and unfair treatment of the African American male. The justice system has had a significant role in this matter as it has in some instances given encouragement and condoned the law enforcement officials to prosecute, arrest, stop and incarcerate black males (Weatherspoon, n.p). The typical image of criminal in the eyes of the law enforcement is a young black male. Racial profiling exists in all sections of American society including the government, which has led other institutions in the private sectors to take the same approaches in their activities. The majority of black males in America are aware of the fact that they are profiled. A study was carried out by the Washington Post asking random black males whether they feel they are victims of racial profiles. The study found that approximately 50% of black males believe that they were victims of racial profiling

The idea of carrying capacity

The idea of carrying capacity ‘By the end of the 21st century, human population growth may exceed Earths carrying capacity. Discuss. The idea of carrying capacity is not a new one. Carrying capacity is the maximum population size that the environment can support without deterioration (McGraw-Hill, 2002). The first idea of carrying capacity applied to natural organisms was introduced in the 1980s so the concept that the earth is a ship with only enough food and resources to be able to sustain a finite population is not new (Sayre 2007). The population of Earth currently stands at around 6.8 billion and is expected to reach 7 billion by the year 2011. In just 12 years, the population of earth has risen by nearly 1 billion after a population of 6 billion was reached in 1999 (Unknown 2009). Population has been projected; and estimated to reach 9.4 billion by 2050. (Ehrlich.P, A 2009). The rate at which population is increasing causes a growing concern with the carrying capacity of the planet and whether or not the planet will be able to sustain the population. Humans have already put strain on the environment and an increasing population puts an ever-growing strain on the environment. Human and environmental changes that need to be considered such as climate change and over-consumption, new industrialising countries such as India and China. Countries with rapid population growth are already finding it hard to improve, or even maintain the health of their people and their economies. (MacKenzie 1994). There are many people who believe in Ester Boserups view that human innovation and ingenuity will prevail and overcome any problems that pose a threat to mankind. There have been many technological advances, which has allowed for increased yield of crops, one such advance is the invention by Fritz Haber in 1909, the nitrogen fixing process known as the Haber-Bosch process (Matthews 2005). This process has helped feed many millions and saved them from death and starvation (Bhagwati 1996). Many other technological advances such as one from Norm Borlaug where he devised a system to accelerate the breeding of disease-resistant wheat and beat the stem rust fungus in Mexico (MacKenzie 2009). The gains have not been without cost: soil quality has been damaged, crops like bananas have become less genetically diverse, rare breeds of animal have been pushed close to extinction, and habitats have been destroyed. Increasing demand for meat also puts pressure on agriculture (Marshall 2009). However factors such as climate change that may lead to rising temperatures, which is accelerated by our over consumption causing massive amounts of pollution and use of valuable resources is of great concern to the worlds carrying capacity and even with the advances in technology that humans succeeded in the future still looks grim. The six most widely grown crops in the world are wheat, rice, maize, soybeans, barley and sorghum. Results suggest that yields of maize, cotton and soybean drop by roughly 0.6 per cent for each degree-day spent above 29 Â °C. At present, agricultural regions across the US spend an average of 57 degree-days above 29 Â °C during the growing season. A growing season could rise to 413 degree-days by the end of the century (Barley 2009). As early as 2020 several countries in Africa are likely to experience a reduction in crop yields by up to 50%. Droughts in Kenya have become 4 times more common in the last 25 years. In 2009, Kenya has had its third failed harvest in a row. (Alagiah 2009) Overfishing of the worlds oceans has also led to great damage, causing population crashes in many species although in recent years, fish farms have become more widespread and they reduce the burden on wild fish but have problems of their own with escaping fish, excessive food consumption, infectious viruses and louse infestations (Barley 2009) The problem of increasing population makes the situation much more difficult to manage. It may be possible that human innovation and ingenuity will overcome any difficulties that mankind faces, although it does seem that the limit of the planets carrying capacity is close to reaching its peak; with depleting reserves of minerals, oil, agricultural yields and loss of biodiversity and that along with environmental changes in the world it will be difficult for the entire planet and that carrying capacity is a subject that needs careful consideration today. Alagiah. G (2009). BBC Future of Food [TV] Barley.S (2009). Climate tipping point defined for US crop yields [Online]. Available: http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17680-climate-tipping-point-defined-for-us-crop-yields.html [Accessed] Bhagwati .K (1994). No Clean Hands [Online] Available: http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14920116.100-no-clean-hands.html [Accessed: 24/01/2010] Ehrlich.P, Ehrlich.A (2009). Population: Enough of us now [Online]. Available: http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20327271.500-population-enough-of-us-now.html [Accessed:23/01/2009] MacKenzie.D (1994). Will tomorrows children starve? The People problem [Online]. Available: http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14319413.600-will-tomorrows-children-starve-the-people-problem.html [Accessed:24/01/2010] Mackenzie.D (2009). Norm Borlaug: the man who fed the world [Online]. Available: http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17778-norm-borlaug-the-man-who-fed-the-world.html [Accessed: 25/01/2010] Marshall. M (2009). Instant Expert: Food and Drink [Online]. Available: http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17140-instant-expert-food-and-drink.html [Accessed: 25/01/2010] Matthews.R (2005). The real Dr Faustus? [Online]. Available: http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18725172.600-the-real-dr-faustus.html [Accessed 23/01/2010] McGraw-Hill (2002). Dictionary of Environmental Science. McGraw-Hill. United States. Sayre.N (2007). Carrying Capacity: Genesis, History and Conceptual Flaws [Online]. Available: http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/GreenGovernance/ColloqPapers/Sayre2007.pdf [Accessed 23/01/2010] Unknown (2009). 2009 World Population Data Sheet [Online]. Available: http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2009/2009wpds.aspx [Accessed: 23/01/2010]

20,000 Leagues Under The Sea :: essays research papers

After decoding a scrap of paper he found in an old book, Professor Hardwigg decides to take a journey. A "Journey to the Center of the Earth" that the paper says is possible. Brushing aside the concerns of his nephew Harry about the temperature of the earth's interior, the professor makes Harry come with him on the journey. They gather the needed supplies and depart two days later for Mt. Sneffels in Iceland, the point through which they can gain access to the core of the earth. With the Icelander Hans as their guide, the party undertakes the rugged journey up to the mountain, stopping to rest along the way at the homes of Icelanders. Through these people, they learn much about the culture. Once they reach the mountain, the three descend into the crater and after several days figure out which of three shafts is the one through which they can make their journey. Aided by Hans' s knowledge of how to use ropes, they travel downward more than a mile during the first day. The Professor explains that they are now at sea level and he real journey is just beginning. At the bottom of the shaft, they come upon four crossed paths that they can follow and the Professor quickly chooses one. After several days of trekking in search of water, they must retrace their steps because the path dead-ends. Finally returning to the place of the four crossed paths, Harry collapses and thinks they will return to the surface. Although the Professor shows concern for Harry, he asks for one more day to find water before they abandon the journey. They select a different route and soon discover water. Days later they find a well-like shaft through which they descend to twenty-one miles below the surface of the earth. Continuing to descend rapidly, Harry goes ahead of the others and soon finds himself alone. In desperation he retraces his steps but becomes hopelessly lost. It is only after much suffering four days later that Harry is reunited with his uncle. As Harry is recovering he hears the sound of waves and thinks he sees light. In act, the three have arrived at what they name the Central Sea, a vast underground body of water. At this point, scientific wonders appear regularly. Exploring the area around the sea, the travelers find what looks like a forest but are actually forty-foot mushrooms.

Ethics Essay Essay

The theories of virtue, utilitarianism, and deontology are similar in some aspects but for the most part are very different. Each of the theories will be explained to show their differences and the type of person that would gravitate towards that theory. Through the explanations one would also be able to consider where there morals or ethics may lie but can also see themselves in each theory. The Virtue Theory, also know as Virtue Ethics, refers to the character of each person. This theory states that every person should try for excellence. The characteristics of each individual are made up from their environment that they are a part of. The theory would further suggest that it is not defined as a single moment in each individual’s life but their entire life as a whole. In thinking about the Virtue Theory, it can be explained by stating that each person needs to be the best they can and avoid the need or ability to hurt others. In Basic ethics: Basic ethics in action it talks about Aristotle and his view on virtue ethics to include characteristics or virtues of an individual. There are some that Aristotle would suggest to be the median or virtues such as courage, self-control, proper emotion, and friendliness to name a few. Reviewing these ideals of what characteristics a person should posses would or could be considered common traits of most individuals in the world today. In the simplistic form the virtue theory is about better one self and the other individuals that are around them. Deontology Theory states that there is a moral duty for one to act no matter the circumstances. This theory is furthered by the thought process of not thinking through any actions or the consequences but because it is action that is taken is right. â€Å"The word â€Å"deontology† comes from two Greek words, deion+ logos. Deion comes from the particle dei which means â€Å"must. † Logos (in this context) means â€Å"the account of† (Boylan, 2009). In breaking this down, it shows that is the account of the musts. In meaning one must act on the account of others or for themselves. Deontology theory can be seen within those persons that provide protection for another without question no matter the inherent danger. The will to act is shown through this theory such as that would be considered of the Spartan Army. The Spartan Army would not ask how many strong are the enemy but where the enemy is. Utilitarianism Theory is one that embodies the thought of taking care of the whole group and not the individual. This theory is a moral theory as we see wanting to make the group better. It can only be our morals to drive us to want what is best for a group. If one person is stronger in writing than another during the course of the project, then the weaker writer may ask the stronger one to take over. It is knowing your personal weakness and asking or foregoing your own glory to better the group that you are part of. One that can set aside their pride is a far better person and shows their true sense of morals. In thinking about a personal experience to be discussed in combination with one of these theories, I keep coming back to the theory of utilitarianism. The reason being that I know I have an alpha personality, meaning that I like to be in control and have the control. I tend to leave this part of me outside the classroom to have a clear head and to allow the learning teams to work more cohesive with the other members. It has been my experience that issues have arisen in each of the groups that I have been a part of. This is either due to lack of participation, inability to communicate or the plain fact of laziness. I have stopped from confronting the team member numerous times in order to keep the team moving in the right direction. Later in the class the issues continue to build and that is when I will confront the person and attempt to deal with the issue. I feel that in setting aside my alpha mentality and waiting to confront the individual is a way for the betterment of the learning team as whole.

study on judges essays

study on judges essays 1. What are the major findings with regards to the impact of race in each area of study? Finding on this studies have been a major impact on Judges due to minority judges have been well looked at through the eyes of the world. Progress has been made in appointing minorities to the federal bench and nearly three out of four minorities are confirmed. 2. How has the policy of affirmative action helped in accomplishing the application of the goals of Justice and equality? Despite the progress that has been made in recent decades particularly with civil right laws and court decisions, most of the problems still persist. Supporters of initiative action who were opposed to an affirmative action wanted similar words to be used in the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Words to be included were discrimination, and preferential treatment. In the affirmative action there is a need of overt racism. Such remedies are still required to provide equal access for all. 3. What are the recommendations given by the ABA study group? To understand one another is required that we go through a generation of education. Even though we have overcome some of the shortfalls of the past dealing with racial justice we need to work ourselves to insure mutual respect be carried out among all citizens. 4. What are the conclusions drawn from this study? Today we can bring all our thoughts together in order to unite and to promote righteous Judgment, equal justice, and fairness. Most of our associations represent a powerful force to transform injustice into justice for all. ...

Marijuana Legalization essays

Marijuana Legalization essays Most Americans do not want to spend scarce public funds incarcerating nonviolent marijuana offenders, at a cost of $23,000 per year. Politicians must reconsider our country's priorities and attach more importance to combating violent crime than targeting marijuana smokers. Marijuana prohibition costs taxpayers at least $7.5 billion annually. This is an enormous waste of scarce federal dollars that should be used to target violent crime. Marijuana prohibition makes no exception for the medical use of marijuana. The tens of thousands of seriously ill Americans who presently use marijuana as a therapeutic agent to alleviate symptoms of cancer, AIDS, glaucoma, or multiple sclerosis risk arrest and jail to obtain and use their medication. Between 1978 and 1996, 34 states passed laws recognizing marijuana's therapeutic value. Most recently, voters in two states Arizona and California passed laws allowing for the medical use of marijuana under a physician's supervision. Yet, states are severely limited in their ability to implement their medical use laws because of the federal prohibition of marijuana. America tried alcohol prohibition between 1919 and 1931, but discovered that the crime and violence associated with prohibition was more damaging than the evil sought to be prohibited. With tobacco, America has learned over the last decade that education is the most effective way to discourage use. Yet, America fails to apply these lessons to marijuana policy. By stubbornly defining all marijuana smoking as criminal, including that which involves adults smoking in the privacy of their own homes, we are wasting police and prosecutorial resources, clogging courts, filling costly and scarce jail and prison space, and needlessly wrecking the lives and careers of genuinely good citizens. Marijuana legalization offers an important advantage over decriminalization in that it allows for legal distribution ...

(the public problem that you choose) Assignment

(the public problem that you choose) - Assignment Example Rate of Obesity in Adults Approximately 68 per cent of grownups are having obesity and in America only 75 million grownups are obese, according to National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2007-2008. Rate of Obesity in Children The rate of obesity is on the rise in children as well. The rate of obesity among the children between the ages of 2 to 5 years has more than doubled in the last 30 years, while the rate of obesity among the children between the ages of 6 to 11 years has tripled in the last 30 years and the rate of obesity in youngsters between the ages of 12 to 19 years has increased to more than triple in the last 30 years. Furthermore, according to statistics I child in every 6 children is obese and almost 17 per cent of American children between the ages of 2 to 19 years have obesity. Why Obesity needs to be addressed? Obesity does not only cause the increase in the weight and makes one lazy but it is also gives rise to many other health problems which remain conne cted with the obese person for the lifetime. The person having obesity has greater chances of having diseases such as heart disease, high blood pressure, type-2 diabetes, some kind of cancers, gout, arthritis, coronary thrombosis and  gall bladder, liver disorders and certain long lasting illnesses. It has been shown by research that a child who has obese becomes overweight and takes obesity in his adulthood. In the United States only among adults of age 20 and older 13 per cent have diabetes and among these 13 per cent 40 per cent have not been diagnosed earlier with obesity, the statistics have been showed by 2005-2006 NHANES survey. 95 per cent of all diabetics have type 2 diabetes and almost all of the undiagnosed patients having diabetes have type 2 diabetes. Pre-diabetes does not have any symptoms and the increased risks of having type 2 diabetes and heart diseases which majorly include heart attacks or strokes are caused by pre-diabetes. Causes and alternatives of Obesity O besity is usually caused as a result of eating more food as compared to the physiological requirement of the body. People who do not take part in the activities of life actively, prefers sedentary routine and are habitual of taking in food more than required by their daily life style are prone to become obese. People do not succeed in adjusting their desire of eating food according to their requirement gain weight and as a result become obese. The possibility of occurrence of obese is equal in both sexes i.e. male and female and can arise at any age. Normally women become obese after their pregnancy or in menopause. During pregnancy women usually gains a lot of weight which they fail to shed after the birth of their new born. This extra fat stored in their body makes them obese. The problem of obesity is a serious public issue and should be dealt seriously as this excessive storage of fat is the cause of having stress not only on heart but also on kidneys and liver as well. This ext ra weight caused by the excessive storage of fats puts strain on the joints like knees, ankles and hips that causes shortening of duration of life. Though recently much have been done to increase the awareness about obesity and the dangers it causes to the human life but a lot is still left to be done. Isolated, bored, unloved, hopeless, sad, unsatisfied and displeased with their family members, financial dissatisfied are the people who become involved in the habit of

International aviation law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International aviation law - Coursework Example Aeronautics Act enacted in June 1938 created the Civil Aeronautics Authority (with mandate over the economic and passenger matters), the Air Safety Board (has power to investigate accidents) and the Administrator of Civil Aviation (concerned with the infrastructure construction and airway system maintenance. 1 The Civil Aeronautics Authority was reorganized and renamed Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), and absorbed the functions of the Air Safety Board which was abolished. CAB enforced a rigid system that restricts growth and mergers. Thus, the Airline Deregulation Act was enacted in 1978 that would allow â€Å"maximum reliance on competitive market forces†. 2 The Act stripped the CAB regulatory powers in 1984 but government regulation of the industry is still performed through the Federal Aviation Administration. The precursor to the Chicago Convention is the 1919 Paris Convention, otherwise known as the Convention Relating to the Regulation of Aerial Navigation. 3 This Convention, signed by the United States, Great Britain, France, Italy, Brazil, Czechoslovakia, Poland and other countries, allowed innocent passage of aircraft in other territories during peace time, required the registration of aircrafts in a state and grants aircrafts a nationality, and prohibited explosives and firearms inside the aircraft. 4 The Convention established the International Commission for Air Navigation to settle international disputes. 5 The signatories and other countries (which were not signatories) revised their local laws according to the provisions of the 1919 Convention. 6 The first to enact a law was England with the passage of the Air Navigation Act 1920 that declares â€Å"full and absolute sovereignty and rightful jurisdiction of his Majesty †¦ over the air.† 7 The United States adopted the same notion of sovereignty to the air above its territory in the Federal Aviation Act of 1958. 8 Under the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, all rule-making power was vested upon the Federal